E – Commerce is a revolution which rules the present market and will rule the markets in future. It is the brain child of the internet, as it came in existence because of digital marketing, globalization and advancement of technology. In the present scenario the E – commerce industry is blooming day by day and for the reason it eliminates the middle man people prefer the get the products from an E – commerce website rather than a local shop owner.

The first E – commerce website was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the United Kingdom. In 1979, he connected a modified domestic television via a telephone line to a real – time multi user transaction processing computer. It started to rise after the launch of Amazon online shopping and E bay as secure retail transaction was launched in 1995 by either Net Market or Online Shopping Network. That’s when the E- commerce really started to come in the lime light the United States of America. In India, internet was introduced after 20 years after its marvelous creation in 15th August 1995 and after 12 years Flipkart became the First company in India to launch the first E – commerce internet based online shopping in India. after Flipkart, the popularity of E- commerce got higher and higher, that’s when Amazon launched Its first E – Commerce in India which became an instant success as the company policy and services were customer friendly. Recently Flipkart was overtaken merged with the E – commerce American giant Walmart, a whooping amount of $16 Billion was paid the Flipkart for its Indian Shares, and Flipkart became the biggest E – Commerce website in India beating Flipkart.

E- Commerce in no doubt is the future of marketing, but it did not happened in one day there were several factors that played a major role in E – Commerce.

A. Multi channel Marketing.

B. Customer Service.

C. Customer Retention.

D. Variety of Products.

E. Easy Return Policies.

F. Access to Everyone Etc.

These are some of the factors that played a major role in the rise of E Commerce in the world. There are several E – commerce companies that rule the E – Commerce market worldwide. Some of them are

A. Amazon Inc. – Founded in 1994 in Seattle by now immortal Jeff Bezos, Amazon has in the years since become a household name when it comes to online shopping. This internet company today has the largest revenue in the world.

B. Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. – In the year 1999, Alibaba Group was founded, the world’s largest retailer of present-day, operating in more than 200 countries.

C. eBay Inc. – The company was founded in San Hose, California in 1995 and its most distinctive feature is the online auction feature, alongside a conventional buy-it-now shopping option.

These are some of the world leaders in the Field of E – Commerce and are dominating and will do in the future as the one thing is sure, E – Commerce is the future and its already prepared for it.

Thank you for giving your precious time to read my thoughts on E – Commerce

Regards,

Snehdeep Chatterjee

Issue: Unequal payment of women in unorganized labor.

Research: Women constitute the largest segment of unorganized workforce in India. According to National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER), approximately 97 percent female workers are involved in the unorganized or informal sector[1]. The term Gender pay Gap in India refers to the difference in earnings between women and men in the paid employment and labor market[2].

For the year 2017, the gender pay gap in India was estimated to be 32% by the World Economic Forum’s Global gender gap index[3]; comparatively analyzed with the same statistic for the year 2013 there is a bleak alteration of 5% in the accruing 5 years. India has been continuously ranked on the bottom of the WEF’s Global Gender Gap index; comparatively with neighboring countries like Bangladesh have fared well while fetching rank above India, moreover it has been found by the Self-Employed Women’s association (SEWA) that the average wage of women worker was 1815Rs while the average wage for men was Rs. 3842. Additionally it was observed that in many situations the wages for women workers was below the minimum wage requirement[4]. The surveys by International labor organization conducted for the year of 2017 has quite clearly reflected a staggering 30 percent difference in earning between male and female.

Analysis: It has to be observed that on estimation in India that women on average work twenty-one more hours than men during each week. Agriculture currently accounts for over two-thirds of the current employment in India, but most of the work women contribute to this sector is not accounted for or officially documented.[5]

On accord with the increasing instances of gander based pay parity and growing difference in the income of male and female; government of India has ratified the C100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100), which addressed the issue of equal pay between men and women for work of equal value[6]. This convention requires all member states to direct their national laws and policies towards guaranteeing equal remuneration to all workers, regardless of gender. In an attempt to ensure compliance with this convention and in response to the Report by the Committee on status of women in India, the government enacted the Equal Remuneration Act.[7] The act mainly focuses on creating rights and liabilities with respect to unequal payment of wages by gender. This act has been supported with various ancillary legislation like Maternity Benfit Act 1961 and the Factories Act 1948, though these acts directly do not address the issue of equal pay for equal work they provide certain additional benefits which a women can claim. Even with all the legislative provisions to safeguard the instances of unequal pay among women in India. There has been very bleak development on this sphere mainly because most of the women who are employed in the un organized labor are uneducated and perhaps the society has instilled them categorically inferior with regard to physical labor.

Conclusion: Women consist about half the population of India[8] and hence half of its potential labor force. The issue of wage inequality even though addressed by different legislative and ancillary enactments but they have largely remain ineffective. It has to be observed that the presence of vast multitude of women as workers and producers in unorganized sector where earnings are low and employment is seasonal and insecure. Workers irrespective of their gender are exploited in the unorganized sector but women suffer more by the fact of their gender. Only 6 percent of the unorganized workers in the country are covered under any social security measures.[9] This percentage shows the grave situation of the unorganized sector and the poor state of women engaged with this sector. The primary responsibility with regard to alleviation of the condition of women work force remains with the state but because of poor execution and implementation of the policies has resulted in this massive failure. Though writ petitions can come to rescue for the issue of gender pay parity but for women who are daily wage laborers engaging in to judiciary is just impractical with their economic condition.

Regards,

Snehdeep Chatterjee

Vi veri universum vivus vici.

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[1]Nath, Anna, (2009), ‘Health Services Missing for Women Workers in India’, One

World South Asia, October

[2] Dutta, Puja (2005). “Accounting for Wage Inequality in India” (PDF). The Indian Journal of Labor Economics.

[3]http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdf

[4] 1 2 3 4 Anupam Manuhaar, Shayan Javeed (April 2013). “Women and Wage Discrimination in India: A Critical Analysis” (PDF). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention. 2 (4): 6–12.

[5] 1 2 3 Anil Kumar Mishra, Tauffiqu Ahamad, Jitendra Kumar Pandey, (December 2014). “The Status of Women Workers in the Unorganized Sector” (PDF). Newman International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Volume 1, Issue 12. pp. 72–79.

[6] C100 – Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100), Article 1″.

[7] Equal Pay for Equal Work in India – A Socio-legal Imperative”

[8] Census India, 2011

[9] NCEUS, (2006), Documentation – Social Security for Unorganised Workers’, The

Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 49, No. 2, p 372-373

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Good company in a journey makes the way seem shorter. — Izaak Walton